Investigating, Determining Morphological Features, Development and Producing Capacity, and Linking Local Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) in Sumedang District

. In order to create future superior varieties, local rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a source of germplasm. In Sumengang Regency, conservation efforts are required to prevent the extinction of native rice genotypes. This study attempts to investigate native rice in Sumedang Regency, identifying morphological characteristics, studying growth and yield, and family links. The study's sites included greenhouses and experimental paddy fields at Winaya Mukti University's Faculty of Agriculture in Tanjungsari, Sumedang Regency, and the Sumedang Regency area. A survey method, descriptive qualitative analysis, and an experimental methodology employing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 18 treatments of local rice cultivars and two repetitions were used to conduct the research from May 2022 to December 2022. Sixteen local rice cultivars from Sumedang and two local rice cultivars from Tuban and Probolinggo were discovered as a result of research in the form of exploration; morphological characters were identified using the UPOV criteria (2020); growth characters with high yields were discovered in Gemah and Tri Sakti cultivars, whereas Bagendit cultivars tended to have low growth but high fruitfulness. All 18 of the examined cultivars showed variations in growth and yield. The dendrogram that resulted from the phenetic analysis split the eighteen rice cultivars into two groups: Group I was made up of local rice cultivars, namely Sertani, Bagendit, Masreum, Gading, Jablay, Patenggang, Gede Wangi, Hawara salak, Mentik Susu A, Godang, and Omas Genteng; group II was made up of local rice cultivars, namely Jalur, Gemah, Mesir Super, Sri Dewi, Tri Sakti, Mentik Susu B, and Mareum. There is a 56.16% similarity between each distinct rice variety. Many Sumedang local rice cultivars, such as Gading, Jablay, and Patenggang, share morphological characteristics. The morphological character data shows a 90% similarity coefficient amongst the cultivars.


INTRODUCTION
For over one billion households worldwide, rice (Oryza sativa L.) provides calories, income, and a means of subsistence.Rice is a staple meal for over half of the world's population.
According to Rice and Grains (2020), rice has been a major crop worldwide for generations.
Finding rice cultivars resistant to drought is critical as the world climate improves.Low evaporation and high temperatures characterize summertime in tropical regions.Produced rice is e-ISSN : 3047-2423 p-ISSN : 3032-7547 more drought-tolerant under these environmental conditions than subtropical ones.Anticipating, adjusting to, and mitigating droughts from scarce water supplies are urgent tasks prompted by climate change (Mabrouka Oustani et al., 2023;Kusumaningrum H et al., 2015).Of particular importance is the investigation of indigenous rice breeds.Because native rice is resistant to extreme heat, drought, and environmental stress, all local seeds can be used as essential for rice development.In order to improve rice's genetic makeup through tolerance to environmental stresses and resilience to diseases and pests, local rice contains many critical genes.Rembang (2018) claims that genetic material collection and conservation are becoming more and more crucial due to genetic deterioration brought on by contemporary farming methods.In order to improve cultivars that are better suited for the "environment," West Java is home to a wealth of native rice cultivars, particularly in the Sumedang region.These cultivars should be protected and used to develop rice genetic resources.For plant breeding efforts, it is helpful to investigate and identify each local rice cultivar's morphological traits and prospective yields.Links between regional rice cultivars can be used to establish whether local rice cultivar names vary among Sumedang district regions, or they can be used as a starting point for figuring out the parents' genotype to create a baseline population.
The study was conducted with utmost precision, employing a wide array of tools, including hand tractors, ticks, hoes, hand sprayers, plastic bags, pegs, mushrooms, hoes, hand sprayers, gembor, ticks, stakes, leaf color chart (BWD), digital calipers, name signs, plant labels, digital scales, tape measure, seed containers, seeding containers, buckets, sprayers, cameras, and stationery.A Simple Randomized Block Design with 18 treatments of regional rice cultivars was the meticulously chosen methodology for the two-times-repeated experiment conducted in teak

Exploration
Sixteen native rice cultivars from Sumedang Regency were discovered based on the exploration results (Table 1) in four sub-district locations: Jatigede District (Karedok Village), Rancakalong District (Rancakalong Village), Tanjung Sari District (Tanjungsari Village), and Sukasari District (Genteng Village).Two comparative cultivars were also discovered, from Tuban (Mentik Susu A) and Probolinggo (Mentik Susu B).It is the best local rice cultivar in Tuban district, East Java province, and has the advantages of being resistant to lodging, fragrant pandan rice, a textured rice that is fluffier and more white than other varieties, and a color that is similar to milk; this rice is used.Gede wangi (B) Karedok village -Jatigede district 3.

Identification
The results of the identification of 18 local rice cultivars grown in the Greenhouse of the Tanjungsari Faculty of Agriculture have similarities in leaf color, stem color, grain color, growth habit, ligule shape, ligule color, node color, and flag leaf position for all rice cultivars.

Leaves
The bush rice has distinct leaf sections, content, and shape.Scales and leaf spines are two characteristics that set rice leaves apart.Though the cultivars Gading, Jablay, Tri Sakti, Jalan, Egypt Super, Gemah, Masreum, and Mareum have dark green leaf color, the cultivars Sertani, Gede Wangi, Bagendit, Patenggang, Godang, Hawara Salak, Omas, and Sri Dewi all have the same leaf color (Table 2).

Stem
With numerous segmented stems and books covering both ends, rice belongs to the grass family.Segments one, two, three, and so on are longer than the preceding segment, with the shortest segment located at the base of the stem.Sertani, Gading, Jablay, Patenggang, Godang, Omas, and other Gemah cultivars (Figure 3) have semi-upright plant growth habits; Bagendit, Gede Wangi, Hawara Salak, Chanel, Sri Dewi, and Mesir Super, Trisakti cultivars (Figure 4), have moderate/slightly upright plant growth habits; and Mareum, Mentik Susu A, an upright cultivar (Figure 5).The length, thickness and color of the stem nodes of the 18 local rice cultivars observed can be seen in Table 3.

Plant Growth and Yield
Growth characteristics (Table 7-  The average number marked with the same letter in each of the same column is not significantly different according to the Skott-Knott test at the 5% level of significance.
From Table 7 it can be seen that the cultivars of Hawara Salak, Omas, tri sakti, sri Dewi, Gemah have the highest plant height compared to other cultivars.The average number marked with the same letter in each of the same column is not significantly different according to the Skott-Knott test at the 5% level of significance.The average number marked with the same letter in each of the same column is not significantly different according to the Skott-Knott test at the 5% level of significance.

c) Length and Number of Panicles
Based on Table 10. the results of the analysis of panicle length observations on the cultivars Omas (I), Tri Sakti (J), Jalur (K), Sri Dewi (L), Mesir Super (M), Gemah (N) and Mentik Susu B (R) longer than other treatments.The highest number of panicles was obtained from the comparison cultivar, namely Mentik Susu B.  The average numbers marked with the same letter in each column are not significantly different according to the Skott-Knott test at the 5% significance level.

d) Harvested Dry Grain Weight and Milled Dry Grain Weight
From Table 10 it can be seen that the cultivars Bagendit, Tri Sakti, Gemah and Mentik Susu B have the highest harvested dry grain weight (GKP) and milled dry grain weight (GKG) compared to other cultivars.

Phenetic Analysis
Including morphological characters based on the 2020 UPOV table, 30 characters/characters were chosen.The acquired characters were assigned a numerical code corresponding to the 2020 UPOV table.Morphological descriptions of local rice cultivars in the Sumedang area were used as research data and organized in a data matrix table for easy analysis.
Afterward, a dendro program that separated the regional rice cultivars into two significant groups was created by importing the feature coding results into the NTSYS-pc version 2.11a program.A dendro program was developed due to this fantastic study, which split 18 local rice varieties into two branches (Figure 7).Plant growth and yield depend highly on how well a particular plant is suited to its growing environment.The features of each cultivar and the environmental circumstances in which it grows vary, resulting in variations in the components of growth and yields.A complicated combination of cumulative, duplicate, dominant, and/or extremely dominant genes, as well as environmental influences, governs this feature.
According to the analysis's findings, both qualitative and quantitative attributes exhibit a diversity of expressions in each cultivar.According to Agata Rascio et al. ( 2023), multiple genes regulate quantitative traits.The environment significantly influences them, while one or two genes regulate qualitative traits and are very little influenced by the environment.Phenotypic traits are specific to individuals.
Each indigenous Sumedang Regency rice cultivar varies in its ability to adapt in terms of output and growth.According to the abovementioned observations on rice growth characteristics, the Bagendit cultivar has the lowest plant height.In contrast, the Trisakti and Gemah cultivars have considerably higher plant heights than others.
According to the data analysis and cultivar identification, Gemah, Tri Sakti, and Bagendit cultivars have the best potential yields compared to other cultivars.In Tanjungsari Sumedang, the rice cultivar Gemah has a potential yield of 10.46 tonnes/ha; however, its actual yield of 4.85 tonnes/ha has been identified; this discrepancy may be attributed to variances in climate.
Based on observations made on plants that were 15 days old, there were no discernible differences between the plant height parameters of any cultivar.based on the morphological character data based on the UVOP 2020 table.These similarities include the following: • The shape of the flag leaf, the length of the stem, the color of the light green stem node, the color of the lemma tip, the attitude of the flag leaf, the slight uprightness, and the number of secondary branches are small.
• The lemma and grain glume are brown.
• The color of the grain is yellow.
• The height of the plant is nearly the same.
In addition, the cultivars originate from the exact location, specifically in Kampung Karedok Village Jatigede District, Sumedang Regency.Human attempts to grow or create new, superior varieties of a plant can limit the genetic diversity of that species of plant, pushing aside or even destroying very beneficial local varieties.
Reducing genotypic diversity, crucial for plant propagation, makes this scenario a severe concern (Rembang et al., 2018).Plants' range of morphological features is a valuable resource for breeding operations.Morphological and anatomical characteristics are the most straightforward markers for plant identification, and they can also be used to establish species affiliation.
Understanding the morphological traits of the local rice can help preserve its genetic resources, given its numerous benefits and significance.When choosing rice plants, it can be helpful to be aware of the morphological characteristics and relatives of the local rice.
fields and greenhouses.A combination of qualitative and quantitative descriptive methodologies was used to perform the research from May 2022 to December 2022, ensuring the validity and reliability of the results.The research results were analyzed statistically using a linear model as follows: Xij = µ + τi + βj + εij Information: Xij = Observation results in the jth treatment and ith replication µ = General average value τi = Effect of the i-th repetition βj = Effect of the jth treatment εij = The effect of random factors from the jth treatment and the ith replication

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Shape of Grain (Personal Documentation, 2022) 9) and Plant Yields (Table 10) of local rice planted in the paddy fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Winayamukti University, Tanjungsari Sumedang are: a) Plant Height

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Dendogram of Relationships between Local Rice Cultivars Based on Morphological Characteristics Differences in attributes start to show between the ages of 45 and 75 HST.Because of each genotype's unique traits, Tri Sakti is the tallest plant.Plant height varied according to the diversity of genotypes tested.Growth is also influenced by variations in plant height brought about by varying cultivars' absorption of nutrients.The findings demonstrated that the number of grains per panicle, healthy grains per panicle, and empty grains per panicle would vary depending on the respective panicle lengths of each local rice cultivar in the Sumedang region.Following threshing and dirt removal, the harvested dry grain weight is measured, converted to kg/plot, and recorded.Cultivars of Tri Sakti and Gemah show the best prospective results from all observed variables.Because of its limited growth potential, the Bagendit cultivar was left out.According to Jiqiong Ma (2020), the study's results indicate low yields because the local rice's productivity is low due to its low productivity.However, the rice can be used as germplasm to develop resistance to diseases, pests, and environmental stress.Although the experimental site experiences an average daily temperature of 25.32°C, the Tanjungsari area is a highland area, where producing rice plants requires temperatures between 19°C and 23°C.Varieties of plants with high environmental adaptation are needed due to global climate change (Leilei Qiu, 2021).The local Sumedang rice cultivars are divided into two groups of similar characters after a phenetic analysis based on morphological characters was conducted using the NTSYS-pc version 2.11a program to produce a dendrogram and calculate the degree of similarity coefficient of local rice morphological characteristics.The dendrogram (Figure 7) illustrates the closeness of the familial linkages between sixteen local rice cultivars in Sumedang Regency and two local rice variants based on their morphology.The morphological characteristics of several local Sumedang rice cultivars, such as the Gading, Jablay, and Patenggang cultivars, are similar, with a similarity coefficient level of 90%

CONCLUSION 1 .
Gemah and Tri Sakti are two local rice plants with significant growth and output features.The growth and output of the 18 examined rice cultivars varied, while the Bagendit cultivar tended to proliferate while maintaining a high production level.Compared to the control cultivar, Mentik Susu B, the Tri Sakti cultivar generated the most significant weight of dry-milled grain per plot of the other cultivars, indicating that it was the cultivar with the highest yield.2. A dendrogram resulting from the phenetic analysis separated the eighteen rice cultivars into two groups: Group I was composed of local rice cultivars, namely Sertani, Bagendit, Masreum, Gading, Jablay, Patenggang, Gede Wangi, Hawara salak, Mentik Susu A, Godang, and Omas Genteng; group II was composed of local rice cultivars, namely Chanel, Gemah, Mesir Super, Sri Dewi, Tri Sakti, Mentik Susu B, and Mareum.There is a 56.16% similarity between each distinct rice variety.Morphological character data based on the UVOP 2020 table shows similarities in the morphological characteristics of various Sumedang local rice cultivars, including the Gading, Jablay, and Patenggang cultivars, with a 90% similarity coefficient.

Table 1 .
Location of Origin of Local Rice Seeds in Sumedang Regency and Two Comparative Cultivars (Mentik Susu A and B)

Table 3 .
Stem Length and Thickness of Local Rice along with Stem Node Color

Table 4 .
Plant Height, Age at Harvest, and Weight of 100 Local Rice Grains

Table 5 .
Characteristics of Local Rice Panicles in Sumedang Regency

Table 6 .
Characteristics of Local Rice Grain

Table 7 .
Average Height of Local Rice Plants Age 15 HST-75 HST

Table 8 .
Average number of tillers per clump Treatment Average Number of Puppies

Table 9 .
Panicle Length and Number of Panicles

Table 10 .
Potential Yield Test on Harvested Dry Grain Weight and Milled Dry Grain Weight