Criminological Aspects of Children as Perpetrators in the Crime of Trafficking in Persons (TPPO)

. The goal of this study is to inform the public about the findings to support the adoption of laws that penalize those who engage in human trafficking. The study's focus is on legal criminology, namely how to apply punishments against those who commit crimes related to human trafficking and countermeasures against juvenile offenders. This study is about legal normative research. The data gathering technique was done through literature studies and interviews for primary data, document studies for secondary data, and interviews for secondary data. The primary data was used as supporting data. A qualitative analysis and descriptive presentation of the data are made. According to the study, there are several reasons why kids commit crimes related to human trafficking.


INTRODUCTION
Children are the country's future and the ideas guiding the next generation.Every kid is entitled to civil rights, freedoms, survival, growth, development, participation, and protection from prejudice and violence.The growth and development of children necessitate specific consideration and safeguarding from parents, families, society, the country, and the state.Children are humanity's future; they shape history and serve as a window into how the country views life in general.For this reason, the conversation about children is vital.. 2 .
These days, children also commit crimes that are on par with those perpetrated by adults.
Therefore, the conversation concerning criminal activity is not limited to adult discussion. 3giati Soetodjo argues that calling a crime committed by a child a crime is overly harsh because, at their core, children have stable psychological conditions, which lead to an aggressive, critical attitude and behavior that tends to disrupt public order.This cannot be classified as a crime because the offender is not conscious of or cognizant of the acts he has committed; instead, it is delinquency brought on by an imbalanced psychological condition. 4viations in behavior from children should be modeled by adults or others in their immediate vicinity.Children's conduct is influenced by several elements, such as the unfavorable effects of fast development, globalization in the information and communication domain, scientific and technological advancements, changes in lifestyle, and inadequate parental supervision.Among other things, external causes lead to behavioral deviations or criminal crimes youngsters commit. 5

LITERATURE
Children have rights when interacting with the law since they are immature.Legal protection for minors must be balanced with the ability of a minor who has been arrested and charged with a crime to be held accountable for his acts before the law.Legal protection for children can be understood as an attempt to shield the law from different kids freedoms (including fundamental rights and freedoms) and child welfare-related interests.Several criminal acts were also recorded by KPAI in the 2020 period, including theft (11.1 percent), traffic accident cases (10.6 percent), psychological violence such as threats and intimidation (5.5 percent), acts of sodomy or pedophilia (5.5 percent), possession of sharp weapons (5.5 percent), entangled in abortion cases (5 percent), and murder cases (4 percent). 9 The phenomenon of an increase in crimes involving children as perpetrators of criminal acts also occurred in Region III of Cirebon.The variety of criminal acts recorded by Bapas Cirebon is one case of a child involved in a series of Trafficking in Persons (TPPO) as a perpetrator. 11e form of child trafficking in this study focuses on children who are prostitutes and can be interpreted as sexual and economic exploitation.
In Indonesia itself, trade related to sexual exploitation, especially prostitution, often occurs.Prostitution can be a social phenomenon because it is related to the inner characteristics and traits of men and women that are related to life in a complex way, so it is indeed challenging to eradicate. 12cording to some specialists, there is a misalignment between the means and the ideals that can facilitate the attainment of these objectives, which results in a gap in expectations and child delinquency.Theoretically, treating juvenile delinquency as a social issue is part of the solution to the crime problem.The focus is on identifying the criminogenic elements that correlate with the signs of juvenile delinquency.The scope of the criminology conversation is the problem discussion. 13imes that minors commit need to be studied criminologically.The object of criminology is the person who committed the crime (the criminal) himself.The purpose of criminology is to understand the reasons why a person commits a crime or crime.Whether a person has had a talent since birth, namely being a criminal, or is it the effect of the environmental conditions of the surrounding community, both sociological and economic?
So, in the criminal process, it is essential to know why a person commits a crime and find the causes, consequences, and ways to solve it so they do not commit crimes again. 14e description above encourages the author to discover the factors that cause the Crime of Trafficking in Persons committed by children and how to remedy it.

METHOD
This study is legal normative research.Secondary data is the major data, and primary data is the supporting data in this use case.Document analyses and literature reviews were conducted to gather primary data; interviews were used to collect secondary data.The data were then analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively.

Factors that lead to minors committing the crime of human trafficking
In this case, Fahri is a 17-year-old child who has dropped out of school, causing Fahri not to have any job.At one time, Fahri was introduced to you.Uri, sdri.Niar, and sdri.Jessica, who in this case each worked as a prostitute by Mr. Daus and Mr. Rio (each of whom was prosecuted separately) to become his third pimp.Where to carry out his actions, Fahri placed the three prostitutes.Each is in a boarding house number 6, 7, 9, and 12, which is located at Jalan Kembar Rt. 011 Rw. 003 Kel.Bojongsari, Kec.Indramayu, Regency Indramayu, which is rented at Rp. 150,000 per day.In the context of the promotion of the three prostitutes.using the Mi Chat application by downloading the Mi Chat application from the Play store, then registering each PSK profile using the email address of each PSK.The system or how this act works initially holds a meeting with the guest, then calls one of the three prostitutes, which has been agreed upon by the guest previously using a WhatsApp message, then invites the guest to enter the room of his choice that has been rented previously to have sex until it is finished.From his work as a pimp carried out by Fahri, he gets various benefits, namely: 1.If the prostitute is paid Rp. 300,000, and then Fahri receives a profit of Rp. 50,000,-2.If the prostitute is paid Rp. 400,000, and then Fahri gets a profit of Rp. 100,000,-

Efforts to Counter Children Who Commit Criminal Acts
Referring to the results of the research as explained above, it is known that Fahri committed crimes motivated by several factors, namely, family factors, environment, education, and economic needs.
According to the author, countermeasures can be carried out by non-penal efforts involving the role of parents, the role of the community, and the role of the state through the following ways:

a. The Role of Parents
Parents must always supervise and pay attention to their children and provide moral and moral lessons because morals and morals are a fortress within themselves to prevent the entry of bad environmental influences into children.
Supervision of his child, who gets along with anyone in his environment, is necessary because of the environment the negative or positive impact comes from.
Farizi, Fathan Al | 330 In addition to moral and moral lessons, parents must have a firm attitude about what they can or cannot do.17

b. The Role of the Community
Through community involvement efforts to implement child protection, the community fulfills its obligations and responsibilities towards children.Academics, child observers, and community groups are all part of the community's obligations.
Supervision by the community of their activities in the surrounding environment is undoubtedly necessary because children who do not get care in their society will grow up to be apathetic and behave negatively, which leads to delinquency.The community's responsibility in preventing child delinquency is for children to comply with the norms that exist in society.

c. The Role of the State
The state must improve the quality of education by creating education evenly in each region, free and affordable education, and improving school facilities, so that it can produce practical skills for the community.There is a need for social welfare attention, especially for children, in the form of socialization or counseling about the crime of human trafficking, as well as from local organizations for children and parents so that they can understand the dangers of human trafficking.
By using law enforcement officials from the city level to the village level to provide socialization to remote areas or areas.
Eradication of poverty provides wide employment opportunities for the community and Carries out preventive efforts in the form of prevention with both legal and social approaches to prevent child trafficking cases.Law enforcement takes protection for victims of child trafficking seriously and provides appropriate restitution to victims.
Countermeasures using the aforementioned non-penal measures take into account the UN congresses on "the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders," which states the following: a) Crime prevention must be based on eliminating the causes and conditions that cause the occurrence of crime.b) To eliminate such causes and conditions, "the basic This countermeasure effort is strengthened by the theory of social control.The proponents of this theory agree that delinquency is the result of a deficiency, namely a deficiency in the form of bonds and control in society. 20John Agan argues that the social control theory departs from the assumption that everyone has the same opportunity to break the law or become a law-abiding person, with the freedom of action that everyone has.The determinants of a person's behavior are the social bonds formed. 21A person's social bond with society is a deterrent to deviations. 22avis Hirschi classifies the elements of social bonds as follows: (a) Attachment, a person's ability to internalize societal norms if a person violates societal norms, it means that he does not care about the views and interests of others and feels unattached to society so that he will feel free to commit deviations; (b) Commitment, refers to the calculation of profit and loss of a person's involvement in deviant acts, where people generally inventory everything including their time, their energy in activities in society, to gain a reputation in society; (c) Involvement, when a person is busy with various conventional activities in his mind does not have time to think about involving himself to commit deviations because he is bound by all aspects of his activities; (d) Belief (values and norms), which refers to the situation of the diversity of appreciation of societal rules among community members.If there is no belief that the values and norms of living together should be obeyed, then there will be a possibility of violation of the law. 23arizi, Fathan Al | 332 In Taking into account that the offender was found guilty of the crime of "Deliberately facilitating obscene acts by other people with other people and making it a search," both legally and persuasively, the offender was given a six-month coaching sentence in the institution.

CONCLUSION
The youngster in the case above committed the crime of human trafficking due to the following factors: One or more of the following: (1) a discordant or fractured home; (2) a lack of parental supervision and care; (3) educational issues; (4) financial constraints; (5) environmental issues.Countermeasures are implemented by the state as child policyholders, the community as a socialization site, and parents as child supervisors.
the case of children (Decision No.02/Pid.Sus-anak/2023/PN.Idm.dated February 15, 2023), the Panel of Judges of the Indramayu District Court has sentenced the perpetrator with Article 296 of the Criminal Code concerning the prohibition of anyone who makes a living or habit and takes advantage of obscene activities carried out by others. 1 1 Kurniawan Akbar, "Criminological Aspects of Children Who Commit Murder in Muara Enim", (Skirpsi), Faculty of Law, Sriwijaya University, 2018, p. 1, (https://repository.unsri.ac.id/6162/1/RAMA_74201_02011381419324_%200018096509_0014125402_01_fr ont_ref.pdf)accessedApril30, 2024, at 14.05 WIB.Farizi, Fathan Al| 325 6 2 Cunduk Wasiati, "Parental Participation in Child Protection as a Form of Human Rights Protection," Jurnal Widya Pranata Hukum, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2020, p. 119 (https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/340700-partisipasi-orang-tua-terhadap-perlindun-74758246.pdf),accessed April 30, 2024, at 13.31 WIB." In the meantime, a kid accused of committing a crime is defined as conflicting with the law under Paragraph 3 of the same article.The Ministry of Law and Human Rights' Directorate General of Corrections noted a growing tendency from 2020 to 2023.As of August 26, 2023, there had been close to 2000 documented instances of minors running afoul of the law.This rise indicates that the wellbeing of Indonesian youngsters needs to improve. 8.
Fahri's parents divorced and then Fahri lived with his mother since the 5th grade of elementary school; (2) Economic factors, that Fahri lived with his grandmother so that Fahri experienced economic limitations; (3) Educational factors, due to Fahri's economic limitations that require Fahri to drop out of education in grade 5 Elementary School; (4) environmental factors, with the situation of his parents who are divorced, Fahri chooses to seek comfort in the social environment with his friends, every day Fahri often hangs out until late at night and stays at his theme house so that he falls into unhealthy associations, namely drinking liquor and drugs.15Basedon the above explanation, the author argues that if the cause of the perpetrator of the crime is related to the criminological perspective using the theory of W.A. Bonger, it can be seen that family factors, environment, education, and economic needs are the driving factors for a person to commit human trafficking.
the BAPAS Class 1 Cirebon Region III.On Wednesday, November 1, 2023, at 12.30 WIB, the cause of Fahri's crime was various factors: (1) Family factors, that it has been known that According to W.A. Bonger's thesis, there are seven different kinds of causes of crime: war, drunkenness, sexual demoralization, lust for possession, neglect of children, and suffering.16 19must be used.The 18 6th United Nations Congress in 1980 in Caracas, Venezuela, on "Crime Trends and Strategic Crime Prevention," stated that the leading causes of crime in many countries are illiteracy or ignorance (educational retardation), unemployment (economy), and low standard of living, social inequality and discrimination.Therefore, crime prevention strategies must be based on eliminating the causes and conditions that cause crime.19